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This section extends the single-threaded proof to multithreaded scenarios, incorporating inter-thread communication, shared immutable objects, and thread ownership rules. The proof maintains the core invariants while addressing concurrency and object transfers. 1. Definitions and Setup Threads: Let Θ be the…

1. Definitions and Setup Object Types: Pointer Types: Graph Representation: Reference Counting: Invariants: Goal: Prove that no pointer operations create cycles in the ownership graph (EC ∪ ES), ensuring all objects are deallocated when their reference count reaches zero, thus…

20 years ago I created a programming language ZS for the Zodiac Interactive company. This language has three unique features: It’s been in use for 20 years. It was a secret technology behind three Emmy Awards and numerous “impossible” contracts.…

The previous “benchmark” tested integer arithmetic, control structures and function/lambda calls. This benchmark tests data structures, object creation, method calls and pointers. It’s based on First of all, tests from the above site have a number of issues: Let’s…

Argentum is advertised as fast. But how fast it actually is? Here is a simple benchmark of three languages: Python, C, and an x86-64 assembly. Though this benchmark is questionable: This though gives a glimpse on how these languages are…

The secret actual reason for Argentum creation Argentum executables are small (starting from kilobytes w/o specific runtime libs), they have no memory and CPU overheads. So this language is applicable to everything from microcontrollers to desktops, web and mobile platforms.…

In Argentum optional type can wrap any type, including another Optional. This theoretically allows having types like ?int, ??int, ???int, and so on. Why is this needed? For instance, when accessing a container of bool or optional elements, it’s necessary…

In Argentum all standard containers, return optionals (?T) when indexed with x[i]. Therefore, Argentum makes it impossible to access beyond the array bounds or using an invalid key in associative containers. It not only helps to prevent OOB errors. It…

In Argentum, associative reference (also known as weak) is one of fundamental built-in types. Such reference is easily created, copied, passed, and stored. It is not a pointer, it is rather a Schrodinger box that may or may not have…

In Argentum typecast operator has syntax: expression ~ ClassOrInterface. It performs two types of type castings. Unlike casts in Java and C++, where it is not required to check the typecast result, in Argentum, it is syntactically impossible to access…